School of Education

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    A Research Analysis on Phytochemical and the Activities of Antibacterial in Piper betel varieties (Kaara Vetrilai and Vellai Vetrilai)
    (International Journal on Recent Advancement in Biotechnology & Nanotechnology, 2019) Ramasamy, Sakthivel
    Piper betel is a well-known ethno-botanical medicinal plant whose leaf is known to possess antiseptic, antileslmian and antimicrobial properties. Considering these properties a preliminary study on the phytochemical present in Piper betel was carried to find the presence of any new antibacterial compounds .Two varieties (Kaaravetrilai and Vellaivetrilai) of Piper betel leaves were collected from the various local markets. Fresh and dry leaf sample were used for phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity. Based on the qualitative analysis of Piper betel it was found to contain Tannins, Flavanoids, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Saponins, Cardiac Glycosides and Glycosides .The extract was obtained from dried leaves using ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform and also aqueous extract was obtained using these crude extract an attempt was made to find out their antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity studies showed the prominent zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Further, the isolation and identification of the extract using GC-MASS, HPTLC, NMR etc., will be carried out in future.
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    A Study on Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Piper betel varieties (Kamar and Kumbakonam Vetrilai)
    (International Journal on Recent Advancement in Biotechnology & Nanotechnology, 2019) Ramasamy, Sakthivel
    Piper betel is a well-known ethno-botanical medicinal plant whose leaf is known to possess antiseptic, antileshmian and antimicrobial properties. Considering these properties a preliminary study on the phytochemicals presentin Piper betel was carried to find the presence of any new antibacterial compounds. Two varieties (Kamar and Kumbakonamvetrilai) of Piper betel leaves were collected from various local markets. Fresh and dry leaf samples were used for phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity. Based on the qualitative analysis of Piper betel it was found to contain Tannins, Flavanoids, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Saponins, Cardiac Glycosides and Glycosides. The extract was obtained from dried leaves using ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform and also aqueous extract was obtained. Using these crude extracts an attempt was made to find out their antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity studies showed the prominent zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.Further, the isolation and identification of the extract using GC-MASS, HPTLC, NMR etc., will be carried out in future.
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    Advanced Biology
    (Skyfox Publishing Group, 2020) Ramasamy, Sakthivel
    A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. The study of cells from its basic structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called Cell Biology. Robert Hooke was the first Biologist who discovered cells. All organisms are made up of cells. They may be made up of a single cell (unicellular), or many cells (multicellular). Mycoplasmas are the smallest known cells. Cells are the building blocks of all living beings. They provide structure to the body and convert the nutrients taken from the food into energy. Cells are complex, and their components perform various functions in an organism. They are of different shapes and sizes, pretty much like bricks of the buildings. Our body is made up of cells of different shapes and sizes. Cells are the lowest level of organisation in every life form. From organism to organism, the count of cells may vary. Humans have the number of cells compared to that of bacteria. Cells comprise several cell organelles that perform specialised functions to carry out life processes. Every organelle has a specific structure. The hereditary material of the organisms is also present in the cells.
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    Alginate in Bone Tissue Engineering
    (ResearchGate, 2017-12) Dominic Ravichandran
    Regenerative medicine has witnessed a paradigm shift from synthetic implants and tissue grafts to a bone tissue engineering (BTE) approach that incorporates biodegradable bioceramic composite scaffolds with biological cells. Polysaccharides, a biodegradable naturally occurring polymer can be useful either as carriers systems for active biomolecules or as cell carriers. It plays a crucial role to mimic the natural extra cellular matrix (ECM) for the development of 3D scaffold material in BTE and regenerative medicine. Alginate, a natural polysaccharide acts a biodegradable gel when cross-linked with calcium ions. Further, it encapsulates and immobilizes a variety of cells for immunoisolatory and biochemical processing applications. The bone-forming osteoblast cells can easily be attached to the alginate surface and therefore can proliferate well. Hence, alginate is widely utilized in BTE for its bioavailability, biodegradability, and ease of access.
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    Analytical Study on the Impact of Teaching-Learning of ‘Transformation Geometry’ in Secondary Schools in General using Van Hiele’s Model
    (International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2024) Henry, Catherin
    An analysis of the methods involved in the teaching-learning of the topics related to Transformation Geometry’ is one of the topics in mathematics in which learners have not been performing very well. The purpose of the study is aimed to identify the difficulties of the learners encounter when learning transformation geometry using Van Hiele’s model. Data was analysed through a process of coding, categorizing, clustering and performance indicators corresponding to the Van Hiele’s model were used in the analysis of data. The result of the study indicated that learners, experienced difficulties to solve problems involving enlargement transformation geometry problems. Learners struggle to grasp the fundamental concepts of enlargement, particularly with the concept of the centre and scale factor. The study findings revealed the challenges faced by the students in comprehending geometrical figures that were transformed to a larger dimension. The Learners inability to understand the steps of transformation geometry because they had insufficient background knowledge on the topic is taken to relevance in this paper writing. The study focuses on the limitations, challenges and remedies being intended for better learning prospects.
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    Biodiversity of Chlorococcales (Chlorophyceae) from Cement Factories in and arounded areas of Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu.
    (European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016) Ramasamy, Sakthivel
    The present paper deals with 114 taxa of Chlorococcales were recorded from different water bodies of Eight Cement factories and nearby Twenty sites of Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu. These belong to 28 genera. e.g. Chlamydomonas (3), Pandorina (2), Volvox (1), Chlorosarcina (1), Characium (1), Chlorococcum (3), Ettlia (1), Chlorella (6), Golenkinia (1), Tetraedron (11), Keratococcus (1), Oocystis (2), Actinastrum (2), Ankistrodesmus (4), Dactylococcus (1), Kirchneriella (3), Monoraphidium (4), Selenastrum (3), Dictyosphaerium (4), Dimorphococcus (1), Westella (2), Pediastrum (13), Coelastrum (7), Crucigenia (4), Tetrastrum (1), Tedrastrum (1), Desmodesmus (3), Scenedesmus (28). All these microalgal species were recorded first time from this region and out of these 44 species reported first from Tamil Nadu.
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    Challenges In Education
    (Skyfox Publishing Group, 2020) Ramasamy, Sakthivel
    A great emphasis, now a day, is placed on achievement right from the beginning of formal education. Achievement is a paramount importance, particularly in the present socio-economic and cultural contexts. It is a task-oriented behavior that allows the individual’s performance to be evaluated according to some internally or externally imposed criterion that involves some standard of excellence. Many teachers face several challenges in teaching. These problems show their impact on achievement of pupils. Realizing the inter-relationship between problems of teaching and teachers and achievement of pupils, a research study has been undertaken on a large scale. This book gives all details of the study which help the administrators and teachers in enhancing the achievement of pupils. This particular book is titled: Challenges in Education. We hope that the book will prove its worth by fulfilling the needs of those for whom it has been specifically designed. Any suggestion for its improvement in future will be gratefully acknowledged and warmly appreciated.
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    Chicken Bone as a Bioresource for the Bioceramic
    (Taylor & Francis, 2012-06-20) Dominic Ravichandran
    Natural hydroxyapatite (HAP) is isolated from waste chicken bone by thermal calcinations at different temperatures in the range of 200 ◦C to 1000 ◦C. The isolated HAP has been characterized using thermo gravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission electron microscope (FE-SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The XRD results showed that the enhanced crystallinity of HAP phase by thermal calcination above 600 ◦C and the crystal size has been found to increase with increasing temperature of thermal calcinations due to agglomeration. Value addition for the waste chicken bone is given by the isolation of useful bioceramics (HAP) and the optimum temperature for the thermal calcination is found to be 600 ◦C. The isolated HAP has been characterized as carbonated HAP of B type with the hexagonal structure.
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    Competitiveness Realized in the Realms of Face-to-Face Teaching and Digital Platform as a Recent Trend Analysis: A Management Perspective
    (Humanities and Social Science Studies, 2023) A. Fatima Mary
    This paper examines the effectiveness of face-to-face and digital platforms of teaching methodology in the context of enhancing accessibility to all students. The study is significant as it provides valuable information on how face-to-face and digital learning can be enhanced. The study was based on a descriptive research design and the sample size for the study was 100. The respondents were selected through Stratified and Simple Random Sampling based on their highest academic qualifications. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and SPSS was used for the analysis. The results of the study show that there is an equal preference for online mode in adapting to knowledge sequences and that digital platform offers easy access and convenient learning. The study findings further reveal that the aspect of interaction as seen in both scenarios is more or less on the same level but the immediate reception is more in online links and connectivity rather than with direct interactions which may not be consistent. The results also show a significant shift in preference and demand for online learning due to its flexibility. Based on the research findings, there is a need to develop, modalities for integrating both online and face-to-face learning in delivering lessons to learners by taking advantage of the complementary systems with more access to digital media.
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    Correlation and regression studies of water quality parameters: A case study of water from the Bhavani river
    (ResearchGate, 2007-07) Dominic Ravichandran
    In this paper, a calculation of correlation coefficient between various water quality parameters of Bhavani river is carried out. The analysis show significant linear relationship between pH, alkalinity, hardness, Ca 2+, Mg2+, concentration of F- and total solids. Finally, multiple regression equation relating hardness with other paramters is developed. The usefulness of correlation and implication of regression equations are discussed.
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    Covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with anthracene by green chemical approach and their temperature dependent magnetic and electrical conductivity studies
    (VIT University, 2013-10-15) Dominic Ravichandran
    Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were covalently functionalized with anthracene in molten urea by a green chemical approach. The anthracene functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (Antf-SWCNTs) were examined along with SWCNTs, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, powder X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The observations revealed the functionalization of SWCNTs by anthracene. The temperature dependent magnetization (300e5 K) and electrical resistivity were also measured for both SWCNTs and Ant-f-SWCNTs. The electrical resistivity of Ant-f-SWCNTs at 300 K was found to be 1.27 KUm, which is much lower than 388.55 KUm for pristine. This indicated a 300 fold increase in conductivity at room temperature for Ant-f-SWCNTs when compared to SWCNTs. The temperature dependence of the conductivity provided an indication of the semiconducting behaviour.
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    Development of Porous Polysaccharides-Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffolds via Freeze Drying Method and in vitro Osteoconductivity on MG 63 Cells
    (Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2017) Rajesh,Kumar,Kenie,Ravichandrian
    Tricomponent scaffolds of hydroxyapatite (HAP) with a mixture of polysaccharides have been prepared by freeze drying method and TG,FTIR, XRD and FE-SEM. FTIR and powder XRD analysis were confirmed the formation of composites with strong electrostatic interactions.FE-SEM images showed the porous morphology of the prepared tricomponent scaffolds. The cell proliferation and mineralization of the scaffolds were evaluated through in vitro MTT assay and alkaline phosphatase activity on MG 63 cell line. The study proved that the prepared tricomponent scaffolds have better cell proliferation and mineralization. Moreover, the well dispersion and adhesion of cells on to the scaffolds were evident from the dye stained fluorescent microscopic images. Porosity of the prepared tricomponent scaffolds plays a vital role, which is well corroborated from the higher cell proliferation and mineralization of chitosan/gellan-HAP scaffold. The viscosity and porosity of the scaffolds play a crucial role on the compressive strength of prepared scaffolds
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    Effect of Cationic/Anionic Mixed Micelles on Reaction Kinetics of Alkaline Hydrolysis of Crystal Violet
    (Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2018) Ravichadran,Yilma,Negussa
    Kinetics of alkaline hydrolysis of crystal violet, a triphenylmethane dye in the micellar environment of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) and binary mixtures of these surfactants was studied. The regression parameters, together with rate constants and binding constants were obtained by analyzing the rate surfactant profiles using cooperativity model. It was observed that the reaction was catalyzed by both surfactants. The catalytic factor increased by 10 times in SDS and 38 times in CTAB indicating that binding of crystal violet to the micellar surface is stronger in pure CTAB than SDS but the strength drastically reduced in the mixtures of the surfactants. Reduction of binding constant became more important as the mole fraction of CTAB was improved in the mixture. The kinetic data were investigated using Piszkiewicz model and Raghavan-Srinivasan model. The data obtained from the models were in good agreement with the experimental values.
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    Enumeration of Total Coliform Faecel Bacteria at two different Fish Landing Centres of Tuticorin
    (European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016) Ramasamy, Sakthivel
    The present investigation was aimed to explore the total coliform, Streptococcus aureus and faecel Streptococcus counts of the sea water from two selected fish landing stations of Tuticorin viz., Thirespuram and Sinthathirai matha kovil areas during 2007-2008. Formation of coliforms are analysed by standard procedure of MPN (Oblinger and Koburger, 1975) and IMVIC test (Poers and Latt, 1977). Enumeration of faecel coliform was detected by membrane filter technique (Bernasoni et al., 2006). The faecel streptococcal screening was carried out using multiple tube dilution method explained by Grasso et al., (2000). The results of two studied stations revealed that, station 2 encountered maximum Streptococcus aureus and faecel Streptococcus count in sea water [1400 MPN/100ml]. At station 1 and 2, maximum coliform count in sea water is 1600 MPN / 100 ml. The sediment samples at station 2 showed maximum total coliform counts [50 cfu / g]. The flesh of fin fish sample also showed invariably higher total coliform and fecal Streptococcus counts at station 2. The total coliform count of fish sample at both stations is recorded above the maximum permissible limit [5200 cfu /g]. Station 1 showed maximum Streptococcous aureus count in fish sample. Of the 2 stations studied, station 2 Sinthathirai matha kovil recorded maximum total coliform and faecel bacteria counts in water than the other station. Thus the results of present study is a preliminary account and it clearly indicates that a systematic study at these two important landing centres viz., Thirespuram and Sinthathirai matha kovil areas over the period of time during 2007-2008.
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    Evaluating the Genetic Affinity of Selaginella species Using Different Isozymic Profiles
    (European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016) Ramasamy, Sakthivel
    The present study was intended to identify the genetic variability among the selected species of Selaginella viz., Selaginella intermedia (Bl.) Spring, Selaginella inaequalifolia (Hook. et Grev.) Spring, Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring & Selaginella tenera (Hook & Grev.) Spring), Selaginella wightii Hieron., Selaginella brachystachya (Hook. & Grev.) Spring & Selaginella repanda (Desv.) Spring, Selaginella radicata (Hook. & Grev.) Spring, Selaginella bryopteris (L.) Bak, Selaginella delicatula (Desv.) Alston with cones), Selaginella delicatula (Desv.) Alston without cones were collected from Western Ghats, South India using different isozymic profiles. PAGE was carried out using standard procedure of Sadasivam and Manickam (1991). The isoenzymes selected for the study includes, esterase, peroxidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase. Multiple regions of activity with a total of thirty eight esterase bands, sixty six peroxidase bands, sixty three acid phosphatase bands, forty eight alkaline phosphatase bands and twelve polyphenol oxidase bands were observed in the isozymic system of studied Selaginella species. Unique banding profiles of esterase, peroxidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase which observed in the studied Selaginella species were used to distinguish the selected Selaginella species and these isozymic profiles will act as biochemical fingerprint for the studied species in plant systematic studies.
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    Exploring Pestcide application Practices for Managing Prominant Agriculture Pests in India and around Tenkasi
    (INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 2024) Chelliah, Ramalakshmi
    This study, conducted between November and March in the Tenkasi district, examined pesticide usage in relation to crop cultivation in Shencottai,Sundarapandiyapuram, Sambavarvadakarai, Panboli, Kadayam, and Surandi.Sunflower, coconut, raw banana, paddy, and potato were the prominently cultivated crops. Pesticides like neem oil,FAME, carbaryl, coragen, malathion, and dimethoate were employed based on specific crops, showcasing diverse pest management strategies. Analysis revealed Dimethoate as the most extensively used pesticide, underscoring its significance in pest management during the study period. The study highlighted the broader ecological impact of pesticides, emphasizing risks to wildlife and plants. Ecotoxicology, focusing on pesticide impacts, was introduced.The study noted the far-reaching effects of pesticides, considering runoff, wind drift, and the persistence of certain pesticides like DDT and chlordane. Plants' absorption of pesticides through roots and leaves indicated their susceptibility. The cumulative impact on individual plants and animals underscored the need to address potential ecological consequences. In the study urged a careful evaluation of pesticide usage, considering environmental impacts. Adhering to label instructions and exploring alternatives with lower toxicity was advised. Integrated pest management (IPM) and proactive measures to prevent contamination in crucial locations were recommended. The study proposed organic farming as a sustainable alternative, contributing to a healthy environment and human well- being.
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    Extraction and GC-MS Analysis of the Essential Oil from the Peel of Solanum incanum and its Antibacterial Activity Studies
    (Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2020) Yetayih,Ravichandran
    Phytochemicals were extracted from the peel of Solanum incanum (S. incanum) with methanol (70% v/v). The phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract showed the presence of glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and phenolic compounds. The successive partitioning of the methanolic extract was carried out with three solvents hexane, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. The diethyl ether fraction yielded two immiscible fractions. The oil was separated as essential oil fraction and analyzed by GCMS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The GC-MS analysis of the essential oil indicated 17 compounds including 2,3-butanediol (76.76%), diethyl phthalate (8.32%), benzyl benzoate (3.02%), 2,6-dimethyl-6-nitro-2-hepten-4-one (2.56%) and 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene (1.88%). Among them, the mass spectral patterns of three compounds were analyzed, discussed and confirmed with NIST database. The antibacterial study of essential oil was conducted using four pathogens (E. coli, K. pneumonia, S. aureus and S.pyogenes) at four different concentrations (250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg/mL). The result indicates that the essential oil extracted from the peel of Solanum incanum exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against E. coli and K. pneumonia in 1000 µg/mL, respectively compared with the positive control gentamicin (10 µg/mL). The result of this study revealed the presence of various organic components and the antibacterial activity of this plant essential oil may be as a result of the major compounds.
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    First report of freshwater microalgae from Ruvuma river, Songea, Tanzania, East Africa
    (European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016) Ramasamy, Sakthivel
    The present work deals with the 24 fresh water algal samples and description of 46 taxa of biodiversity of fresh water algae from Ruvuma river, Songea, Tanzania, East Africa. Collection of 24 fresh water algal samples were carried out during September 2015 to December 2015. Samples were examined in the laboratory and identified. The following micro algae were present Actinastrum (1), Pediastrum (3), Desmodesmus (1), Scenedesmus (2), Spirogyra (3), Penium (1), Closterium (3), Cosmarium (5), Euastrum (1), Staurastrum (1), Melosira (1), Synedra (2), Fragilaria (1), Nitzschia (1), Caloneis (1), Stauronesis (1), Navicula (2), Gomphonema (3), Euglena (2), Phacus (2), Trachelomonas (3), Chroococcus (1), Gomphosphaeria (1), Oscillatoria (3), Anabaena (1) were first time recorded and report. Algae are described with photographs.
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    Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles from Terminalia Arjuna L.) Bark Extract Characterization and Potential for Mercury Degradation
    (Chemical Society of Ethiopia and The Authors, 2024) Chelliah, Ramalakshmi
    The focus of this study is on synthesizing copper nanoparticles through a green approach, utilizing Terminalia arjuna bark extract. The ultra violet (UV) spectral analysis of copper nanoparticles synthesized through environmentally friendly methods revealed distinct absorption peaks at 287 nm, 575 nm, and 898 nm, indicative of significant light absorption. These peaks elucidate the nanoparticles' optical characteristics, shedding light on electronic transitions and surface plasmon resonance phenomena. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis displayed various peaks, suggesting vibrations associated with copper nanoparticles and functional groups in T. arjuna bark extract. The X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) data exhibited characteristic peaks corresponding to metallic copper's crystallographic planes, confirming the formation of highly crystalline copper nanoparticles. Atomic force microscopy results depicted surface morphology and particle size distribution. Copper nanoparticles show promise in mercury degradation due to their high surface area and catalytic activity. They interact effectively with mercury ions through adsorption, reduction, and oxidation processes, leading to sequestration or transformation into less toxic forms. Functionalization enhances their affinity towards mercury, while synergies with other nanomaterials boost efficiency. Green synthesized copper nanoparticles offer an eco-friendly solution for effective mercury remediation, promising advancements in sustainable nanotechnological approaches for global environmental sustainability.
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    Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Emblica officinalis and Their Role in Mercury (II) Chloride Detoxification
    (International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 2025) Chelliah, Ramalakshmi
    In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized using an aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis, serving as a green, sustainable reducing and stabilizing agent. UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis confirmed the formation of AgNPs, with a distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 382.04 nm, indicative of well-dispersed, spherical nanoparticles with minimal aggregation. The biosynthesized AgNPs were subsequently utilized to evaluate their potential in degrading mercury(II) chloride (HgCl2). Time-dependent UV-Vis analysis revealed a gradual and significant decline in the characteristic absorbance peaks of HgCl2, particularly at 302 nm, over a 48-hour period. This indicates effective degradation and possible reduction of mercury ions, facilitated by the catalytic and adsorptive properties of the nanoparticles. The findings demonstrate the dual functionality of E. officinalis-mediated AgNPs as both nanocatalysts and sorbents, offering a promising, eco-friendly approach for heavy metal remediation in aquatic environments.